This edition first published 2013

© 2013, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Registered office

John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom

For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com.

The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Electrical installation designs / Bill Atkinson ... [et al.]. – 4th ed.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-119-99284-4 (pbk.)

1. Electric wiring, Interior. 2. Electrical engineering. I. Atkinson, Bill.

TK3271.A8 2013

621.319′24–dc23

2012030909

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN: 978-1-119-99284-4

About the Authors

Roger Lovegrove's extensive experience in the electrical contracting industry spans over 50 years. He served an apprenticeship, worked as an electrician and contracts engineer and then managed his own business for 18 years. Having left electrical contracting, he became a consultant specialising in inspecting, testing and surveying electrical installations. For a number of years he delivered lectures for ECA and IIE on various topics associated with BS 7671, the IEE Wiring Regulations. He is a Fellow of the IET and serves on the joint IET/BSI Wiring Regulations Committee. For many years an ECA member, he has served on the association's technical committee. Also, he has represented UK electrical contracting interests on International and European electrical installation standards working groups.

Gary Gundry is one of the UK's leading electrical safety trainers and presenters. Working at the Electrical Safety Council (ESC), he primarily produces technical guidance material for the electrical industry and safety literature for consumers. He also serves on one of the four committees responsible for the technical content of the Wiring Regulations (BS 7671); accordingly, he is able to speak authoritatively (to audiences of any number) on the requirements of the Seventeenth Edition of the Wiring Regulations.

Prior to working at the ESC, Gary was a Senior Engineer at NICEIC Training delivering bespoke training courses all over the United Kingdom, and before that he worked in the Standards division on, among other things, the NICEIC's Technical Manual.

Before joining the NICEIC in 1999, he was a Director and Qualified Supervisor of an electrical contracting business enrolled as an NICEIC Approved Contractor.

Gary began his career as an apprentice with SEEBoard, and later joined Eastern Electricity.

Preface to the Fourth Edition

There are many books on electrical installation practice where the focus is on calculations and regulations. Electrical Installation Designs has been written from a different viewpoint. Typical projects are examined to produce designs that will fit current standards.

Most electrical contractors have an understanding of requirements related to their own regular everyday activities, where work is carried out using rule-of-thumb methods. Repetitive designs are used. Many installers claim that they are not designers and show concern that they are now required to certify the adequacy of an installation design.

In practice, problems only arise when an unusual project is undertaken or there is a change in regulations.

There is no harm in using a standardised design, rather in the way that an experienced cook uses a published recipe for a cake. Electrical Installation Designs is a book of recipes. The installer may select a design that corresponds as near as possible to the contract in hand and take up such technical and regulatory advice as is required. This will reduce the need for lengthy calculations and detailed study of BS 7671, Requirements for Electrical Installations (IET Wiring Regulations).

Most basic electrical installations may be completed by a competent person, with appropriate guidance to avoid serious problems and hazards.

Project chapters illustrate methods that could be used for particular types of installation ranging from a house to an industrial workshop. The ideas are by no means exclusive. Alternative solutions are always possible. In many instances carrying out detailed calculations and utilising different circuitry will be more profitable. By their very nature, simplified examples of fictional projects can only produce generalised results.

The book contains special chapters on earthing, isolation and switching and overcurrent protection, which give a down to earth interpretation of the regulations.

Electrical installation students and non-electrical associates in the construction industry will appreciate the user-friendly approach. Nevertheless, this is not a do-it-yourself book for the untrained person. Warnings are therefore given where more specialised study is necessary. For example, readers are advised not to embark on installations in hazardous areas (such as petrol filling stations) without further training. Apart from moral implications and contractual risks, statutory requirements are such that incompetent work may carry criminal penalties.

Although the emphasis is on tried and tested methods, some new techniques are introduced. The most significant is the option for tree circuitry as an alternative to the ring final circuit. This is the first book to give designers the opportunity to compare the advantages of the tree system for both domestic and commercial installations. In recent years, consumer requirements have changed. It is essential that the industry keeps an open mind on changes in traditional wiring practice. Introduced in this fourth edition are new chapters on Residual Current Devices and, for those readers who require a basic understanding of circuit design, a chapter explaining the process for carrying out simple cable design calculations.

Amendments

The Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE) joint wiring regulations committee amended BS 7671: 1992 (16th edition) in 1994, 1997 and 1999. In 2001, the standard was renamed BS 7671: 2001 with further amendments, and minor amendments were made again in 2002.

In 2008, a complete review of the 16th edition saw the publication of the 17th edition: BS 7671: 2008. The first amendment to the 17th edition was published in 2011 and came fully into force on 1 January 2012. This latest amendment also introduced the rebranded name of the IEE, namely the IET (Institution of Engineering and Technology). The most recent edition of BS 7671 incorporates all alterations and additions to the European HD 384 series of standards.

As is often the case, many of the changes are of a minor nature in order to harmonise with other standards. However, significant changes were introduced in BS 7671: 2008 (17th edition) with several other significant changes being introduced in its first amendment, in 2011. These are summarised in the following tables – Table A.1 summarises the changes introduced by BS 7671: 2008 (17th edition) and Table A.2 summarises the significant changes introduced by Amendment 1 to BS 7671: 2008:

Table A.1 Summary of changes introduced by BS 7671: 2008 (17th edition).

Table A.2 Summary of changes introduced by Amendment 1 to BS 7671: 2008.

This book takes account of all amendments published since the 17th edition of the Wiring Regulations was first issued in 2008, including those introduced by Amendment 1, which was first issued in 2011 and which came into effect on 1 January 2012.

Roger Lovegrove and Gary Gundry

Acknowledgements

Gary Gundry would like to thank Roger Lovegrove for the opportunity to update this publication and for his encouragement and support during the reviewing and commenting stage of the project.

Gary would also like to thank his employer, The Electrical Safety Council (ESC), for granting permission to update this publication, and for allowing him to reproduce any copyright material, where applicable. In recognition of this, and as a gesture of good faith, he has requested his share of the royalties be sent directly to the Electrical and Electronics Industries Benevolent Association (EEIBA), for as long as he remains employed at the ESC. The EEIBA is a charity dedicated to helping those in hardship and distress who work or have worked in the Electrical and Electronics Industry.

Special thanks goes to Peter, Liz, Laura and their colleagues at Wiley for the book design concept and typesetting, and to the Institution of Engineering and Technology for its permission to reproduce some of the model certificates and associated forms shown in Appendix 6 of the Seventeenth Edition of the IET Wiring Regulations.

Gary would also like to express thanks to his mentors and family for their endless patience, support and encouragement along the way.

Finally, any views expressed within this publication are those of the authors’ so they should not be associated with their employers, where applicable.

1

Introduction

This book contains designs for electrical installations that have been prepared with reference to the Wiring Regulations and includes interpretations of particular technicalities.

This is not a do-it-yourself book for the amateur or untrained person. It is a guidance manual for competent electrical designers and students of installation practice.

As far as possible, all information accords with the requirements of BS 7671: 2008, incorporating Amendment 1, 2011 Requirements for Electrical Installations, the IET Wiring Regulations (17th edition), which is issued jointly by the British Standards Institution (BSI) and the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) as BS 7671. Relevant Regulation numbers and other references are shown in the margins. (Because of the space restrictions, the following abbreviations have been used: Ch. – Chapter; Sec. – Section; Defs – Definitions; App. – Appendix.) Reference is also made to various other British and European Standards and related Health and Safety documentation.

1.1 Layout of Chapters

Interspersed throughout the book are two types of chapters, giving information in different formats.

1.2 Wiring Regulations

Throughout this book the terms Wiring Regulations (or Regulations) refer to BS 7671:2008 Requirements for Electrical Installations, the IET Wiring Regulations, issued jointly by the BSI and the IET. The Standard therefore represents a code of acceptable safety for electrical installations to protect:

131.1

• persons;
• property; and
• livestock.

against electrical hazards, which are described as:

• electric shock;
• fire;
• burns;
• ignition of a potentially explosive atmosphere;
• undervoltages, overvoltages and electromagnetic effects;
• injury from mechanical movement of electrically actuated machinery;
• power supply interruptions or interruptions of safety services; and
• arcing or burning, excessive pressure or toxic gases.

114.1

The Regulations are not a statutory document, but are quoted as a means of compliance with certain statutory instruments. Criminal charges could not be brought for failure to comply with the Wiring Regulations, and such non-compliance could be used in evidence if there were a charge for breach of the forthcoming Electrical Safety Quality and Continuity Regulations (ESQCR) or the Electricity at Work Regulations.

It would be most unwise to ignore any of the requirements of the Regulations. They must be considered in their entirety and are a pass or fail test. An installation cannot partially comply.

1.3 Terminology

In order to understand technicalities, the importance of correct terminology is stressed throughout this book. In general, however, the use of overcomplicated expressions and trade jargon has been avoided.

The Wiring Regulations contain a list of definitions for words and expressions, which may not accord with standard dictionary definitions. Wherever there is any doubt, the Wiring Regulations definition should be applied.

1.4 Competence and Responsibility

Any person involved with the installation of wiring in buildings takes on both legal and moral responsibilities for safety. A high level of technical and practical competence is essential. This can only be achieved with appropriate study.

There are always three components to an electrical installation project:

Often one person or company takes on all three responsibilities, especially for simple repetitive jobs such as house wiring. On larger schemes, specialist companies may be contractually involved for each aspect and in turn use a team of operators. As the work progresses from planning to completion, there must always be one or more supervising individuals, who will eventually certify that the three aspects of the contract have been carried out in accordance with the Wiring Regulations and any other statutory or specification requirements.

1.5 Procedures

1.5.1 Design

It is sometimes thought that the use of tried and tested methods removes the design aspect from a scheme. This is not the case. Every project involves electrotechnical design decisions, which should not to be confused with architectural or customer instructions for the physical location of electrical equipment. Thus, a self-employed electrical contractor, who makes a decision on the selection and connection of an electrical accessory, is a designer. The same applies to an electrician who makes a similar decision on behalf of an employer.

514.9

All technical design information must be recorded. This is a requirement of the Wiring Regulations. IET guidance stresses that it is essential to prepare a full specification prior to commencement or alteration of an electrical installation. The size and content of the specification will correspond with the complexity of the work. For simple installations, a schedule of circuit details and test results may suffice.

The designs shown in the following chapters are for guidance only and each one includes a suggestion for a suitable design specification. A person selecting this guidance makes a design decision and therefore becomes the person responsible.

632.3

Upon completion of a contract, the person or persons responsible for the design, construction, and inspection and testing of the installation must, as appropriate, provide the person who ordered the work with an Electrical Installation Certificate, stating the works that were carried out, together with schedules for inspection and for test results.

1.5.2 Installation

Where a technical design is drawn up by an electrical engineer or other competent person, it should not be the installer's job to check design details, unless this is one of the contract requirements. The installer is always under obligation to point out to the designer any obvious conflict with regulations or standards and the installer should always refuse to carry out substandard work. There would be no defence in law against creating an unsafe installation on the basis of inherently bad instructions.

The installer will use the designer's specification document as required by the Wiring Regulations. This may only cover performance requirements or may give full technical details for the selection and erection of equipment. Once again it must be emphasised that a non-technical instruction to take an electrical supply to a particular appliance or location does not constitute design information.

The installer has the responsibility to ensure that equipment is installed correctly and in accordance with the specification, supplemented by manufacturers' information. The installer is often delegated other tasks, such as that of negotiating with the electricity supply company and verifying local licensing requirements.

Upon completion of the project, the installer certifies that the installation work has been carried out in accordance with the Wiring Regulations.

1.6 Inspection and Test

610.1

No matter how simple or straightforward a job is, the work should always be inspected, both during the course of the work, and upon completion, and tested before the installation is put into service. This applies equally to work carried out by a self-employed operator. Self-certification is normally acceptable, provided that the contractor has the competence and equipment to test correctly. The customer or an insurer may require specialist certification. This particularly applies in the case of safety alarm systems or work in hazardous areas.

Whether an in-house or independent specialist, the inspector must be given the full design documentation, with amendments showing any relevant on-site modifications. On larger projects, this will include ‘as fitted’ drawings.

Certain parts of the installation may be hidden from view upon completion. In such cases the inspector must arrange for inspection during the course of erection or receive certified confirmation that the work is satisfactory.

631.1

Upon completion of the project, the inspector certifies that the inspection and test have been carried out in accordance with the Wiring Regulations.

1.7 Completion

632.3

The signatures of the designer, installer and inspector are required for the Electrical Installation Certificate. This cannot be issued until the work has been completed in accordance with the Wiring Regulations. Where there are acceptable departures from the Regulations, these must be shown on the certificate. See Chapter 15 for inspection and test procedures.

1.8 Working Methods and Materials

134.1.1

The Wiring Regulations require good workmanship by competent persons and that proper materials are used.

1.9 Operatives

Any person carrying out electrical work must be competent, trained and skilled in the type of installation work being carried out. Where trainees or unskilled operatives are employed for electrical work, they must be appropriately supervised.

Workmanship must be of a quality appropriate to the location. A working knowledge of the building structure is necessary where holes and fixings are made to carry cables. Decor should be disturbed as little as possible, with prearranged responsibility for making good.

1.10 Materials

511.1

The Regulations require that every item of equipment complies with a British or harmonised Standard. Alternatively, equipment complying with a relevant foreign standard may be used, provided that the designer confirms that the equipment provides a degree of safety acceptable to the Regulations. This may mean product certification by an approvals organisation.

1.11 Amendments to BS 7671: 2008

There is one amendment to BS 7671: 2008, published in 2011. Many of the changes are minor, resulting from European harmonisation, and the numbering of product standards where these have also been harmonised. Where changes have been made that affect the technical or practical aspects of this book, the text has been changed accordingly. If an amendment noticeably alters conventional procedures, details of the change have been included. This particularly applies in the case of voltage harmonisation.

1.12 Voltages

On 1 January 1995, the Electricity Supply Regulations 1988 were changed to take into account a change in the standard UK supply voltage (Table 1.1). All specifications, designs and calculations should now use the 230/400 V figures. The change in voltage is minimal, therefore load assessments given in this book have not been recalculated, but there are other consequences to be considered.

Table 1.1 Changes in nominal voltage.

Taking all of the above factors and tolerances into account, it will be seen that under the most extreme circumstances, equipment rated at 230 V may be supplied at anything between 216 and 253 V.

1.13 Voltage Drop

The Regulations require the voltage at the terminals of fixed current-using equipment under normal service conditions to be greater than the lower limit corresponding to the product standard for that equipment.

For an installation supplied from a public supply, a voltage drop of 3% for lighting and 5% for other uses is deemed to satisfy this requirement. At 230 V, this is 6.9 V and 11.5 V, respectively. Care therefore needs to be taken in the selection of cables, particularly where equipment is voltage-dependent:

• Motor starting currents may be such that machines may stall before achieving full speed running conditions.
• Inductive lighting loads take high current on start up and luminaires could fail to strike, especially in cold weather.

All of the designs shown in this book use cables that are capable of handling the prospective loadings with a reasonable margin of safety.