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Cover
Preface
1 Introduction
1. 1.1 The construction process
2. 1.2 The function and performance of buildings
3. 1.3 Building: the (de‐carbonised) product
4. 1.4 Responding to climate change
5. 1.5 General principles of construction
6. 1.6 Regulations and approvals
7. 1.7 Making choices and sources of information
Chapter 2 AT A GLANCE
2 Site Analysis, Set‐Up, Drainage and Scaffolding
1. 2.1 Site analysis
2. 2.2 Site set‐up and security
3. 2.3 Site drainage
4. 2.4 Foul drainage
5. 2.5 Scaffolding
Chapter 3 AT A GLANCE
3 Ground Stability and Foundations
1. 3.1 Bedrock and soil types
2. 3.2 Ground stability
3. 3.3 Foundations: Functional requirements
4. 3.4 Foundation construction
5. 3.5 Strip foundations
6. 3.6 Pad foundations
7. 3.7 Raft foundations
8. 3.8 Short‐bored pile foundations
9. 3.9 Precast pile and beam foundation systems
Chapter 4 AT A GLANCE
4 Floors
1. 4.1 Functional requirements
2. 4.2 Ground‐supported concrete floor slab
3. 4.3 Suspended concrete floor slabs
4. 4.4 Suspended timber ground floors
5. 4.5 Reinforced concrete upper floors
6. 4.6 Timber upper floors
7. 4.7 Floor finishes
Chapter 5 AT A GLANCE
5 Loadbearing Walls
1. 5.1 Functional requirements
2. 5.2 Walling materials
3. 5.3 Mortar
4. 5.4 Bonding bricks and blocks
5. 5.5 Damp‐proof courses (DPCs)
6. 5.6 Solid wall construction
7. 5.7 Cavity wall construction
8. 5.8 Internal and party walls
9. 5.9 Straw wall construction
10. 5.10 Earth wall construction
Chapter 6 AT A GLANCE
6 Roofs
1. 6.1 Functional requirements
2. 6.2 Pitched roofs
3. 6.3 Pitched roof coverings
4. 6.4 Sheet metal covering to low‐pitched roofs
5. 6.5 Thermal insulation to pitched roofs
6. 6.6 Flat roofs
7. 6.7 Timber flat roof construction
8. 6.8 Concrete flat roofs
9. 6.9 Thermal insulation to flat roofs
10. 6.10 Parapet walls
11. 6.11 Green roofs
12. 6.12 Roof drainage
Chapter 7 AT A GLANCE
7 Windows
1. 7.1 Functional requirements
2. 7.2 Window types
3. 7.3 Window frames
4. 7.4 Glass and glazing
5. 7.5 Hardware
6. 7.6 Window cills
Chapter 8 AT A GLANCE
8 Doors
1. 8.1 Functional requirements
2. 8.2 Door types
3. 8.3 Door frames and linings
4. 8.4 Hardware
Chapter 9 AT A GLANCE
9 Stairs and Ramps
1. 9.1 Functional requirements
2. 9.2 Materials, terms and definitions
3. 9.3 Types of stairs
4. 9.4 Timber staircases
5. 9.5 Stone stairs
6. 9.6 Reinforced concrete stairs
7. 9.7 Structural glass stairs
8. 9.8 Ramps
Chapter 10 AT A GLANCE
10 Surface Finishes
1. 10.1 Functional requirements
2. 10.2 Wall and ceiling finishes
3. 10.3 Skirtings, architraves and kitchen cabinets
4. 10.4 Tiling to walls
5. 10.5 Painting and decorating
Chapter 11 AT A GLANCE
11 Internal Environment and Energy Supply
1. 11.1 Principles and performance requirements
2. 11.2 Heat loss calculations
3. 11.3 Indoor climate control
4. 11.4 Energy sources
5. 11.5 Solid fuel–burning appliances
6. 11.6 Domestic gas installations
7. 11.7 Domestic electrical supply and installations
8. 11.8 Artificial lighting
9. 11.9 Testing and monitoring thermal performance
Chapter 12 AT A GLANCE
12 Water Supply and Sanitation
1. 12.1 Cold water supply and distribution
2. 12.2 Hot water supply and distribution
3. 12.3 Water services to multi‐storey buildings
4. 12.4 Pipes for water supply
5. 12.5 Sanitary appliances
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

How to Navigate this Book
1. Table 1 Overview of the chapters
Chapter 02
1. Table 2.1 Typical sources of information
2. Table 2.2 Possible signs of contaminants and the relevant actions
3. Table 2.3 Recommended minimum gradients for foul drains
4. Table 2.4 Limits of cover for standard‐strength rigid pipes in any width of trench
5. Table 2.5 Minimum dimensions for access fittings and chambers
6. Table 2.6 Maximum spacing of access points (in metres)
7. Table 2.7 Scaffold board thickness and span
Chapter 03
1. Table 3.1 Rocks
2. Table 3.2 Bearing capacities
3. Table 3.3 Allowable bearing pressure of soil and ground
4. Table 3.4 Depth of effective bulb pressure
5. Table 3.5 Concrete mixes
6. Table 3.6 Minimum width of strip foundations
Chapter 05
1. Table 5.1 Lateral support for walls
2. Table 5.2 Thermal and moisture movement joints in brickwork
3. Table 5.3 Mortar mixes
Chapter 06
1. Table 6.1 Calculation of area drained
2. Table 6.2 Gutter sizes and outlet sizes
Chapter 07
1. Table 7.1 Recommended average daylight factors
2. Table 7.2 Correction factors for ground roughness and height above ground
3. Table 7.3 Probable maximum wind loading
4. Table 7.4 Sound pressure levels for some typical sounds
5. Table 7.5 Tolerance noise levels
6. Table 7.6 Single and double glazing approximate U values
7. Table 7.7 Double and triple glazing approximate U values
Chapter 08
1. Table 8.1 Effective clear widths of door openings (from Approved Document M)
2. Table 8.2 Minimum widths of passageways for a range of door sizes (from Approved Document M)
Chapter 09
1. Table 9.1 Widths of vertical escape routes and exits (adapted from Approved Document B DETR, 2000)
2. Table 9.2 Limits of ramp gradient (Approved Document K)
Chapter 11
1. Table 11.1 Limiting fabric parameters compared with nearly‐zero fabric conventions
2. Table 11.2 Typical thermal conductivity values of building materials
3. Table 11.3 Calculation of thermal resistance
4. Table 11.4 Fabric heat loss calculation
5. Table 11.5 Sizes of flues
Chapter 12
1. Table 12.1 Common branch discharge pipes (unvented)

List of Illustrations

Chapter 02
1. Figure 2.1 Trial pit log.
2. Photograph 2.1 Rotary drilling rig.
3. Photograph 2.2 Soil samples ready for logging.
4. Figure 2.2 Depth of borehole for pad and raft foundations.
5. Figure 2.3 Depth of borehole for closely spaced strip or pad foundations.
6. Figure 2.4 Depth of borehole for friction piles.
7. Figure 2.5 Plan (a) and section (b) showing the position of boreholes.
8. Figure 2.6 Paved area drainage.
9. Figure 2.7 Clay yard gully.
10. Figure 2.8 Graph for determining the diameter and gradient of surface water drains.
11. Figure 2.9 Soakaways.
12. Figure 2.10 (a) Natural system; (b) herringbone system.
13. Figure 2.11 (a) Grid system; (b) fan system.
14. Figure 2.12 Moat or cut‐off system.
15. Figure 2.13 Land drains.
16. Figure 2.14 (a) Surface water drain; (b) French drain.
17. Figure 2.15 Combined and separate drain systems.
18. Figure 2.16 Clay drainpipes.
19. Figure 2.17 Clay drainpipe fittings.
20. Figure 2.18 Section at junction of socket and spigot clay pipes.
21. Figure 2.19 Section at junction of plain‐ended clay pipes showing flexible coupling.
22. Figure 2.20 Flexible push‐fit joint for cast iron.
23. Figure 2.21 PVC drainpipes.
24. Figure 2.22 PVC socket and spigot push‐fit joint.
25. Figure 2.23 PVC sleeve joint.
26. Figure 2.24 PVC solvent–welded joint.
27. Photograph 2.3 Laying drains.
28. Figure 2.25 Discharge capacities of foul drains running 0.75 proportional depth.
29. Figure 2.26 Bedding for flexible pipes.
30. Figure 2.27 Bedding for rigid pipes: granular bedding – Class N.
31. Figure 2.28 Bedding for rigid pipes: granular bedding – Class B.
32. Figure 2.29 Protection for flexible pipes under fields and gardens.
33. Figure 2.30 Drainpipe through an opening in the wall.
34. Figure 2.31 Drainpipe built into the wall.
35. Figure 2.32 Drains less than 1 m from foundations.
36. Figure 2.33 Drains 1 m or more from foundations.
37. Figure 2.34 Cut‐away sectional view of inspection chamber.
38. Photograph 2.4 Laying inspection chambers.
39. Figure 2.35 Section through drainage showing the invert level.
40. Figure 2.36 Backdrop inspection chamber.
41. Figure 2.37 Mascar access bowl drain system.
42. Figure 2.38 Rodding point drain system. RWP, rain water pipe.
43. Figure 2.39 Soil stack connection to the drain.
44. Figure 2.40 Trapped gully.
45. Figure 2.41 Rainwater shoe.
46. Figure 2.42 Common drain.
47. Figure 2.43 Combined drains (private sewers).
48. Figure 2.44 Water test.
49. Figure 2.45 Prefabricated septic tank.
50. Figure 2.46 Hop‐up brackets.
51. Figure 2.47 Independent scaffolding with safety signs, lights and hazard warning.
52. Figure 2.48 Putlog scaffold.
53. Photograph 2.5 Putlog scaffolding.
54. Figure 2.49 Independent tied scaffold.
55. Photograph 2.6 Independent scaffold
56. Photograph 2.7 Scaffolding components.
57. Figure 2.50 Proprietary scaffolding system – based on the SGB CUPLOK system.
58. Figure 2.51 System method of connecting standards, ledgers and transoms – based on the SGB CUPLOK system.
59. Photograph 2.8 (a) Proprietary connection for standards, ledgers and transoms. (b) Standards with adjusting jack and base plate.
60. Figure 2.52 Scaffold through tie.
61. Figure 2.53 Scaffold reveal tie.
62. Figure 2.54 Scaffold through tie braced against floor and ceiling.
63. Photograph 2.9 Through tie. The scaffold penetrates the window and is braced against the inner wall.
64. Photograph 2.10 Proprietary system tied to building using a fixing eye.
65. Figure 2.55 Scaffold: roof edge protection through open window.
66. Figure 2.56 Scaffolding roofs: working platform below eaves.
67. Figure 2.57 Scaffold: dimensions for top lift of scaffold.
68. Figure 2.58 Trussed‐out scaffolding.
69. Figure 2.59 Cantilevered scaffolding.
70. Figure 2.60 Slung scaffold – suspended cradle.
71. Photograph 2.11 Mobile elevating work platforms (MEWP) – scissor lift.
72. Photograph 2.12 Stair towers.
73. Photograph 2.13 Vehicle‐mounted platforms (cherry pickers).
Chapter 03
1. Figure 3.1 Cohesion of particles.
2. Figure 3.2 Shear failure.
3. Figure 3.3 Plastic failure.
4. Photograph 3.1 Precast concrete foundation systems (http://www.roger‐bullivant.co.uk).
5. Figure 3.4 Example of foundation exerting pressure on weak stratum (may lead to settlement).
6. Figure 3.5 Bulb of pressure exerted under pad (a) and strip (b) foundations.
7. Figure 3.6 Combined stress exerted on subsoil from foundations in close proximity.
8. Figure 3.7 Vertical stress distribution.
9. Figure 3.8 Bulbs of pressure under a strip foundation.
10. Figure 3.9 Combined pressure bulb.
11. Figure 3.10 Theoretical contact pressure.
12. Figure 3.11 Contact pressure in practice.
13. Figure 3.12 Foundation on cohesionless subsoil.
14. Figure 3.13 Foundation on cohesive subsoil.
15. Figure 3.14 Depth of foundations and stability (information adapted from NHBC, 2000).
16. Figure 3.15 Precautions against heave: pile and ground beam.
17. Figure 3.16 Precautions against heave: trench fill.
18. Figure 3.17 Relative settlement.
19. Figure 3.18 Foundation types.
20. Figure 3.19 Depth of internal hardcore fill and external wall thickness.
21. Figure 3.20 Fill (a), and cut and fill (b).
22. Figure 3.21 Foundation on sloping site.
23. Figure 3.22 Stepped foundation.
24. Figure 3.23 Open system: struts and poling boards.
25. Figure 3.24 Struts, wailing and poling boards.
26. Figure 3.25 Open or closed timbering using adjustable steel strut.
27. Figure 3.26 Trench box.
28. Figure 3.27 Shoring: horizontal steel wailing.
29. Figure 3.28 Structural insulation used to transfer construction loads until concrete has cured.
30. Figure 3.29 Structural insulation carrying the loads of the structurally insulated panels (SIPs).
31. Figure 3.30 Thermal break around column on a pad foundation (to Passivhaus standard).
32. Figure 3.31 Strip foundation.
33. Figure 3.32 Foundation dimensions (a and b) (adapted from Approved Document A).
34. Figure 3.33 Shear failure in a strip foundation.
35. Figure 3.34 Stepped strip foundations.
36. Figure 3.35 Brick coursing to stepped foundations.
37. Photograph 3.2 Stepped strip foundation.
38. Figure 3.36 Steel‐reinforced wide strip foundation.
39. Figure 3.37 Distribution of forces in strip foundations.
40. Figure 3.38 Accommodating tensile forces within strip foundations.
41. Figure 3.39 Deep strip or mass fill strip foundation.
42. Figure 3.40 Use of concrete (a) and trench blocks (b) in strip foundations.
43. Figure 3.41 Deep strip or mass fill strip foundation.
44. Figure 3.42 Projections of strip foundations.
45. Figure 3.43 Steel‐reinforced wide strip foundation.
46. Photograph 3.3 Trench blocks – used to build wall up to ground level.
47. Figure 3.44 Mass fill pad foundations.
48. Figure 3.45 Pad and ground beam.
49. Figure 3.46 Pad foundation with piers and ground beam.
50. Photograph 3.4 Wide strip foundation – reinforcement cage.
51. Figure 3.47 Reinforced pad foundations.
52. Figure 3.48 (a) Combined column foundation; (b) combined pad foundations.
53. Figure 3.49 Cantilever beam foundation.
54. Figure 3.50 Asymmetrical combined base foundation.
55. Figure 3.51 (a) Rectangular combined base foundation; (b) trapezoidal combined base foundation.
56. Photograph 3.5 Excavation and casting of pad foundation and ground beam.
57. Figure 3.52 Gabion foundation, resting on (a) and in (b) the ground.
58. Figure 3.53 Raft foundation.
59. Figure 3.54 Construction of a concrete raft foundation.
60. Figure 3.55 Flat slab raft.
61. Figure 3.56 Edge beam raft.
62. Figure 3.57 (a) Solid slab raft foundation; (b) solid slab raft foundation with downstand beam; (c) raft foundation with extended toe to carry brickwork.
63. Figure 3.58 Solid slab reinforced concrete raft.
64. Figure 3.59 Reinforced concrete beam and slab raft.
65. Figure 3.60 Beam and slab raft with downstand beams.
66. Figure 3.61 Beam and slab raft with upstand beams.
67. Figure 3.62 Cellular raft.
68. Figure 3.63 Reactions of ground and cellular rafts.
69. Figure 3.64 Raft on sloping site.
70. Figure 3.65 Pile foundations.
71. Figure 3.66 Section illustrating pile foundations.
72. Figure 3.67 Precast concrete foundation system.
Chapter 04
1. Figure 4.1 Ground floor types.
2. Figure 4.2 Concrete ground bearing floor construction with structural edge insulation in the cavity to prevent cold bridge.
3. Figure 4.3 Sections (a, b and c) showing the alternative position of the DPM in solid concrete ground floors.
4. Figure 4.4 Position of DPM in solid ground floors.
5. Figure 4.5 Jointing laps in polythene sheet.
6. Figure 4.6 Double‐welted fold joint in polythene sheet.
7. Figure 4.7 DPM turn‐up.
8. Figure 4.8 Edge insulation under structural concrete and cavity insulation carried down to reduce the cold bridge.
9. Photograph 4.1 Block and beam floors.
10. Figure 4.9 Alternative arrangements for block and beam floors.
11. Photograph 4.2 Precast concrete T‐beams and insulation infill panels.
12. Figure 4.10 Structural and finished floor levels.
13. Figure 4.11 Bonded screed.
14. Figure 4.12 Semi‐bonded screed.
15. Figure 4.13 Unbonded screed.
16. Figure 4.14 Floating floor – screed.
17. Figure 4.15 Section through a suspended timber floor.
18. Figure 4.16 Section through wall and floor junction, with airbrick and under‐floor ventilation.
19. Photograph 4.3 Hollow concrete floor beams.
20. Figure 4.17 Terracotta block floor.
21. Figure 4.18 Monolithic reinforced concrete floor.
22. Figure 4.19 Double floor.
23. Figure 4.20 Strutting between joists.
24. Figure 4.21 Joists ends built into cavity wall.
25. Figure 4.22 Galvanised, pressed steel joist hanger.
26. Photograph 4.4 Joist hangers.
27. Figure 4.23 Galvanised steel restraint joist hanger.
28. Figure 4.24 Notches and holes in timber joists.
29. Figure 4.25 Traditional sound insulation for timber floors.
30. Figure 4.26 Sound insulation of floors.
31. Figure 4.27 Platform floor.
32. Figure 4.28 Timber compartment floors (a, b, c and d).
33. Figure 4.29 Tongued and grooved strip flooring.
34. Figure 4.30 Strip flooring fixed to battens and clips.
35. Figure 4.31 Wood block patterns.
36. Figure 4.32 Joints for wood blocks.
Chapter 05
1. Figure 5.1 Maximum height and minimum width of walls for residential buildings.
2. Figure 5.2 Structural walls and maximum floor area.
3. Figure 5.3 Minimum thickness of walls.
4. Figure 5.4 Irregular profile walls.
5. Figure 5.5 Lateral support to gable ends.
6. Figure 5.6 Length of walls.
7. Figure 5.7 Types of brick.
8. Figure 5.8 Special bricks.
9. Photograph 5.1 Movement joint.
10. Figure 5.9 Elevation of a wall: expansion of brickwork causing oversailing.
11. Figure 5.10 Plan of a wall junction: expansion and shrinkage at the corner joint.
12. Photograph 5.2 Brickwork movement joint and fire stop at a party wall junction.
13. Figure 5.11 Lateral stability across control joints.
14. Figure 5.12 Lateral stability across control joints provided by ties with sleeves.
15. Photograph 5.3 Face of brickwork removed by frost attack.
16. Figure 5.13 Concrete blocks.
17. Figure 5.14 Clay blocks.
18. Figure 5.15 Jointing and pointing.
19. Figure 5.16 Bricks stacked in pyramid fashion.
20. Figure 5.17 Brick faces.
21. Figure 5.18 Stretcher bond.
22. Figure 5.19 Flemish bond with snap headers.
23. Figure 5.20 (a) Header bond; (b) Flemish bond; (c) English bond.
24. Figure 5.21 Queen closer.
25. Figure 5.22 (a) Double Flemish bond; (b) English bond.
26. Figure 5.23 Garden wall bonds.
27. Figure 5.24 Bonding building blocks.
28. Figure 5.25 Bonding block walls.
29. Figure 5.26 Bridging of a DPC above ground.
30. Photograph 5.4 Vertical DPC used at an opening.
31. Photograph 5.5 Cavity tray to a cavity wall.
32. Figure 5.27 Traditional slate DPC.
33. Figure 5.28 DPC at different levels.
34. Figure 5.29 (a) DPC (tray) at different heights; (b) cavity tray on top of partially filled cavity.
35. Figure 5.30 DPC – cavity tray with rigid insulation to reduce thermal bridging.
36. Figure 5.31 Slate hanging.
37. Figure 5.32 Tile hanging.
38. Photograph 5.6 150 mm of polyisocyanurate.
39. Figure 5.33 Internal insulation.
40. Figure 5.34 External insulation on expanded metal lath (EML).
41. Figure 5.35 Rebated jamb.
42. Figure 5.36 Bonding at rebated jambs.
43. Figure 5.37 Head of openings.
44. Figure 5.38 Ends of reinforcing rods.
45. Figure 5.39 Prestressed lintels.
46. Figure 5.40 Boot lintels.
47. Figure 5.41 Evolution of the concrete lintel from solid wall to use in cavity construction.
48. Figure 5.42 Steel lintels in internal walls.
49. Figure 5.43 Corrugated steel lintel in internal wall.
50. Figure 5.44 Brick lintels.
51. Figure 5.45 Semi‐circular brick arch.
52. Figure 5.46 Rough and axed arches.
53. Figure 5.47 Axed brick.
54. Figure 5.48 Two‐ring arch.
55. Figure 5.49 Flat‐gauged camber arch.
56. Figure 5.50 Random rubble uncoursed (a) and coursed (b).
57. Figure 5.51 (a) Squared rubble uncoursed; (b) squared rubble coursed.
58. Figure 5.52 (a) Squared rubble coursed; (b) polygonal walling.
59. Figure 5.53 (a) Whole‐flint wall; (b) knapped flint wall.
60. Figure 5.54 (a) Channelled joint; (b) V joint.
61. Figure 5.55 Tooled finishes.
62. Figure 5.56 Cornice and parapet.
63. Figure 5.57 Lead weathering to cornice.
64. Figure 5.58 (a) Slate cramp; (b) metal cramp.
65. Figure 5.59 Segmental stone arch.
66. Figure 5.60 Stone lintel with secret joggle joints.
67. Figure 5.61 Semi‐circular stone arch with crossetted voussoirs.
68. Figure 5.62 Thermally resistant cavity wall construction.
69. Figure 5.63 Cavity wall construction, development of cavity ties and insulants.
70. Figure 5.64 Cavity wall ties.
71. Figure 5.65 Stainless steel wall tie.
72. Figure 5.66 Cavity wall tie spacing.
73. Figure 5.67 Cavity wall tie spacing around openings.
74. Figure 5.68 Floors providing lateral restraint to walls.
75. Figure 5.69 Opening in wall.
76. Figure 5.70 Solid cavity closing with insulation to avoid thermal bridging.
77. Figure 5.71 Insulated cavity closer fixed to the vertical DPC.
78. Figure 5.72 Cavity closer.
79. Photograph 5.7 Sealing the cavity in a wall opening: cavity closer.
80. Figure 5.73 Cavity closed with frame.
81. Figure 5.74 Jamb lining to wide cavity.
82. Figure 5.75 Lintels for cavity walls.
83. Figure 5.76 Section of pressed steel lintel.
84. Figure 5.77 Splay lintel.
85. Photograph 5.8 Pressed steel lintels (cavity walls).
86. Figure 5.78 Top hat lintel.
87. Figure 5.79 Thermal bridging: single lintel and separate lintels.
88. Figure 5.80 Concrete lintels.
89. Photograph 5.9 Cavity wall construction partial fill.
90. Photograph 5.10 Wall tie covered in mortar – path for moisture and cold bridge.
91. Figure 5.81 Partial fill cavity insulation.
92. Figure 5.82 Cavity wall built to Passivhaus standards.
93. Photograph 5.11 (a) Cavity wall built to passivhous standards, 300‐mm mineral wool insulation; (b) 300‐mm mineral wool cavity insulation, built to passivhous standards, basalt Teplo low‐conductivity cavity ties and mineral wall used to seal cavity with adjoining property; (c) 300‐mm cavity wall built to passivhous standards, ready to receive blown fibre insulation EPS cavity closer.
94. Figure 5.83 Sound, fire and heat flux flow through unsealed cavities.
95. Figure 5.84 Cavity barrier in an uninsulated cavity.
96. Figure 5.85 Cavity barrier in a partial fill cavity.
97. Figure 5.86 Partial fill cavity, party wall junction sealed with a tee cavity closer.
98. Figure 5.87 Cavity barrier in fully filled cavity.
99. Figure 5.88 Cavity and party wall sealed with a cavity closer.
100. Figure 5.89 Cavity sealed with a cavity closer.
101. Figure 5.90 Cavity sealed with a cavity sealer.
102. Figure 5.91 Cavity sealed at edges of the external wall and party wall with cavity closers.
103. Figure 5.92 Vertical section through a straw bale wall.
104. Figure 5.93 Straw bale wall to foundation detail.
Chapter 06
1. Figure 6.1 Sloping roofs.
2. Figure 6.2 Target and maximum U‐values for roofs.
3. Figure 6.3 Nearly‐zero‐carbon and Passivhaus fabric standards.
4. Figure 6.4 Cold and warm pitched roof construction.
5. Figure 6.5 Pitched roof.
6. Figure 6.6 Couple roof.
7. Figure 6.7 Ridge board.
8. Photograph 6.1 Eaves detail showing trusses fixed to the wall plate and bedded on the block wall.
9. Figure 6.8 Close couple roof.
10. Figure 6.9 Collar roof.
11. Photograph 6.2 Roof structure with collar at the ridge and closed at the bottom, close couple–type roof with collar.
12. Figure 6.10 Purlin roof.
13. Figure 6.11 Double roof.
14. Figure 6.12 Hipped end.
15. Photograph 6.3 Hipped end roof structure.
16. Photograph 6.4 Valley formed in trussed roof.
17. Photograph 6.5 Roof valley and gutter.
18. Figure 6.13 Traditional trussed roof.
19. Figure 6.14 Prefabricated trussed rafter roof.
20. Figure 6.15 Stability bracing to trussed rafters.
21. Photograph 6.6 Truss roof construction.
22. Photograph 6.7 (a) Trussed roof being assembled on the ground; (b) roof assembled at ground level, braced ready to be craned into position.
23. Figure 6.16 (a) Open eaves; (b) flush eaves; (c) closed eaves.
24. Figure 6.17 Typical insulation and ventilation requirements at eaves.
25. Photograph 6.8 Roof construction sequence. (a) a fire barrier seals the cavity at the gable end of the roof; (b) and (c) tray fixed to ensure the insulation does not block ventilation of the roof space; (d) and (e) tiles and sarking felt are then layed onto the roof structure; (f) fascia boards, gutters and downpipes are fixed into position once the tiling is complete.
26. Figure 6.18 Dormer windows.
27. Figure 6.19 Mansard roof.
28. Figure 6.20 Dormer windows framing.
29. Figure 6.21 Types of roof windows.
30. Figure 6.22 (a) Roof light in attic conversion (warm roof construction); (b) detail of roof light in warm roof.
31. Photograph 6.9 Rooflight (velux).
32. Figure 6.23 (a) Plain tile; (b) rain flow over plain tiles.
33. Figure 6.24 Plain tiling.
34. Figure 6.25 Roof boarding and counter‐battens.
35. Figure 6.26 Ridge.
36. Figure 6.27 Ridge tiles.
37. Figure 6.28 Verge.
38. Figure 6.29 Hip tiles.
39. Figure 6.30 Lead valley gutter.
40. Figure 6.31 Valley tiles.
41. Figure 6.32 Single‐lap tiles.
42. Figure 6.33 Pantiles.
43. Photograph 6.10 Pantile roof.
44. Figure 6.34 Interlocking tile profiles.
45. Photograph 6.11 Roof construction with single‐lap tiles.
46. Figure 6.35 Interlocking tiles.
47. Figure 6.36 Typical ridge detail – interlocking tiles.
48. Figure 6.37 Fibre cement slate.
49. Figure 6.38 Natural slate.
50. Figure 6.39 Head‐nailed slates.
51. Figure 6.40 Centre‐nailed slates.
52. Figure 6.41 Tile ridge.
53. Figure 6.42 Lead ridge.
54. Figure 6.43 Slate valley.
55. Figure 6.44 Fibre cement slating.
56. Figure 6.45 Fibre cement slate ridge.
57. Figure 6.46 Copper standing seam roofing.
58. Figure 6.47 Holding down cleats.
59. Figure 6.48 (a) Eaves; (b) ridge.
60. Figure 6.49 Upstand.
61. Figure 6.50 Cold roof: continuous insulation across ceiling.
62. Figure 6.51 Insulation to loft hatch.
63. Figure 6.52 Warm pitched roof – detail of insulation.
64. Figure 6.53 Roof ventilation.
65. Figure 6.54 Eaves ventilator and cold roof detail.
66. Figure 6.55 Pitched roof ventilation.
67. Figure 6.56 Thermal bypass at the hip of a roof; failure to maintain thermal and air barrier interface.
68. Figure 6.57 Thermal bypass and bridge due to gaps in insulation barrier and incorrectly positioned insulation.
69. Figure 6.58 Firring to timber flat roof.
70. Figure 6.59 Lead flat roof.
71. Figure 6.60 Wood rolls.
72. Figure 6.61 Drip.
73. Figure 6.62 (a) Junction of roll and upstand; (b) junction of drip and upstand.
74. Figure 6.63 Rainwater outlet.
75. Figure 6.64 (a) Cesspool; (b) gutter.
76. Figure 6.65 Double‐lock welt.
77. Figure 6.66 Copper sheet roof.
78. Figure 6.67 Conical roll.
79. Figure 6.68 (a) Zinc batten rolls; (b) zinc drip.
80. Figure 6.69 Asphalt‐covered flat roof.
81. Figure 6.70 Asphalt skirting.
82. Figure 6.71 Built‐up felt covering to timber flat roof.
83. Figure 6.72 Eaves gutter.
84. Figure 6.73 Upstand and flashing.
85. Figure 6.74 (a) Inverted roof abutting an internal wall; (b) inverted roof abutting parapet wall.
86. Photograph 6.12 (a) Inverted roof also used as a terrace; (b) 20‐mm asphalt waterproof membrane, built up in two layers, sits below the insulation; (c) inverted roof paving slabs positioned on top of rigid insulation boards.
87. Figure 6.75 Asphalt covering to concrete flat roof.
88. Figure 6.76 Asphalt skirting.
89. Figure 6.77 Partial bond of felt roofing to concrete.
90. Figure 6.78 Verge.
91. Figure 6.79 Ventilator (GRP, glass‐reinforced plastic).
92. Figure 6.80 Flat roofing configurations.
93. Figure 6.81 Wall insulation joined to roof insulation.
94. Figure 6.82 Junction with flat roof and parapet wall.
95. Figure 6.83 Internal insulation.
96. Figure 6.84 Ventilation of flat roof.
97. Figure 6.85 Ventilation.
98. Figure 6.86 Solid parapet wall.
99. Figure 6.87 Cavity parapet wall.
100. Figure 6.88 Coping stones.
101. Figure 6.89 Brick capping.
102. Figure 6.90 Solid parapet.
103. Figure 6.91 Cavity parapet wall showing DPC position.
104. Figure 6.92 Cavity carried above roof.
105. Photograph 6.13 (a) Green roof; (b) green roof construction on timber glue lam roof; (c) green roof with access stair for maintenance.
106. Figure 6.93 Green roof construction.
107. Photograph 6.14 Mock‐up of green roof with single‐ply membrane using Knauf extra‐strong insulation.
108. Figure 6.94 Rainwater outlets.
109. Figure 6.95 Gutters and downpipes.
110. Figure 6.96 Hipped‐end roof.
111. Figure 6.97 Rainwater gutter cross‐sections.
112. Figure 6.98 Rainwater gutter fittings.
113. Figure 6.99 uPVC rainwater gutters and downpipes.
114. Figure 6.100 Parapet rainwater outlet.
115. Figure 6.101 Rainwater outlet.
Chapter 07
1. Figure 7.1 Typical double‐glazing window detail.
2. Figure 7.2 Long low window.
3. Figure 7.3 Tall narrow window.
4. Figure 7.4 Tall narrow windows.
5. Figure 7.5 Windows in adjacent walls.
6. Figure 7.6 Sky component.
7. Figure 7.7 Sky component.
8. Figure 7.8 Sky component.
9. Figure 7.9 Gnomonic projection.
10. Figure 7.10 Basic wind speeds.
11. Photograph 7.1 Sealing the gap between window frame and wall.
12. Figure 7.11 Weather strip and check rebates.
13. Figure 7.12 Drainage channel.
14. Photograph 7.2 Thermal image: poor sealing allows air in at the top of the sash window frame.
15. Photograph 7.3 Thermal image: sash window fitted with double‐ and single‐glazed units.
16. Figure 7.13 Ventilation.
17. Figure 7.14 Trickle ventilator.
18. Figure 7.15 Risk of thermal bridging around window and door openings.
19. Figure 7.16 Prevention of thermal bridging: window jamb detail.
20. Figure 7.17 Prevention of thermal bridging: window jamb detail.
21. Figure 7.18 Cavity closer and window in line, avoiding thermal bridge.
22. Figure 7.19 Cavity closer around the window.
23. Figure 7.20 Exposure to external environment and location of window in the external wall.
24. Figure 7.21 Weather strips.
25. Figure 7.22 Double window for sound insulation.
26. Figure 7.23 Types of opening light.
27. Figure 7.24 Side‐hung casement window.
28. Figure 7.25 Inward‐ and outward‐opening casements.
29. Figure 7.26 French casement.
30. Figure 7.27 Pair of casements.
31. Figure 7.28 Casements and mullion.
32. Figure 7.29 Casements and ventlights.
33. Figure 7.30 Casement window with dead light.
34. Figure 7.31 Horizontally pivoted sash.
35. Figure 7.32 Vertically pivoted sash.
36. Figure 7.33 Vertically sliding sash window.
37. Figure 7.34 Horizontally sliding sash window.
38. Figure 7.35 Projected top‐hung window.
39. Figure 7.36 Tilt‐and‐turn window.
40. Figure 7.37 Sliding folding sash window.
41. Figure 7.38 Wood casement window.
42. Figure 7.39 Mortice and tenon joint.
43. Figure 7.40 Combed joint, taken apart (top) and assembled (bottom).
44. Figure 7.41 Wood casement taken apart.
45. Figure 7.42 Joints of casement window frame.
46. Figure 7.43 Standard wood casement window.
47. Figure 7.44 Weather strips.
48. Photograph 7.4 Fitting windows: temporary and permanent opening former.
49. Photograph 7.5 (a) uPVC window fitted using fixing lugs; (b) window fitted using fixing lugs.
50. Figure 7.45 Fixing wood window.
51. Figure 7.46 uPVC cavity closer and ties.
52. Photograph 7.6 Cavity closer.
53. Figure 7.47 Window sections: (a) standard Z section, and (b) W20 steel window sections.
54. Figure 7.48 Standard metal casement.
55. Figure 7.49 Hinges and fasteners.
56. Figure 7.50 Fixing steel windows.
57. Figure 7.51 Timber sub‐frame for metal window.
58. Figure 7.52 Corner cleat for aluminium window.
59. Figure 7.53 Thermal break aluminium casement window.
60. Photograph 7.7 Thermal break in metal window.
61. Figure 7.54 Butt joint.
62. Figure 7.55 Sealed lap joint.
63. Figure 7.56 Fillet seal.
64. Figure 7.57 uPVC casement window.
65. Figure 7.58 Horizontally pivoted reversible window.
66. Figure 7.59 Sash reversed for cleaning glass.
67. Figure 7.60 Pivots for horizontally pivoted windows.
68. Figure 7.61 Vertically pivoted steel window.
69. Figure 7.62 Wood vertically sliding (double‐hung) sash window with cased frame.
70. Figure 7.63 Sash balances for vertically sliding windows.
71. Figure 7.64 Vertically sliding sash window with solid frame and balances.
72. Figure 7.65 Weather seals for vertically sliding wood windows.
73. Figure 7.66 Aluminium vertically sliding sash window.
74. Figure 7.67 uPVC vertically sliding sash window.
75. Figure 7.68 Aluminium horizontally sliding sash window.
76. Figure 7.69 Inside pane coated with low‐emissivity coating.
77. Figure 7.70 Inside wall of the outside pane coated with low‐emissivity coating.
78. Figure 7.71 Putty glazing to wood sash.
79. Figure 7.72 Putty glazing to metal sash.
80. Figure 7.73 Glazing with putty and beads.
81. Figure 7.74 Glazing to wood with beads.
82. Figure 7.75 Single‐, double‐ and triple‐glazing U‐values.
83. Figure 7.76 Spacer bar and tube.
84. Figure 7.77 Edge seals.
85. Figure 7.78 Blocks for IG units.
86. Figure 7.79 Solid bedding glazing (a) with non‐setting compound (b) with tape and sealant.
87. Figure 7.80 Drained glazing (uPVC and metal frames).
88. Figure 7.81 Drained glazing (timber frame).
89. Figure 7.82 Double window for sound insulation.
90. Figure 7.83 Lockable casement fastener.
91. Figure 7.84 Lockable casement peg stay.
92. Figure 7.85 Natural stone or cast stone cill for wood window.
93. Figure 7.86 Under‐cill DPC.
94. Figure 7.87 Slate cills for steel windows.
95. Figure 7.88 Brick cill.
96. Figure 7.89 Plain tile cill.
97. Figure 7.90 Tile internal cill.
98. Figure 7.91 Plastic windowboards.
Chapter 08
1. Figure 8.1 Doors: disabled access.
2. Figure 8.2 Typical construction of an insulated door.
3. Figure 8.3 Threshold seal for internal doors.
4. Figure 8.4 Hinged, sliding and sliding folding doors.
5. Figure 8.5 Wood doors.
6. Figure 8.6 Mortice and tenon joint.
7. Figure 8.7 Pinned mortice and tenon.
8. Figure 8.8 Dowelled joints.
9. Figure 8.9 Through‐tongued door panels.
10. Figure 8.10 Framing moulded around panels.
11. Figure 8.11 Planted moulding.
12. Figure 8.12 Traditional panelled doors.
13. Figure 8.13 Standard interior panelled doors.
14. Figure 8.14 Foxtail wedges.
15. Figure 8.15 (a) Bevel‐raised panels; (b) bevel‐raised and fielded panels.
16. Figure 8.16 (a) Raised and fielded panels; (b) bolection moulding.
17. Figure 8.17 Double‐margin door.
18. Figure 8.18 (a) Door with solid panels bead butt; (b) door with solid panels bead flush.
19. Figure 8.19 Double‐swing door.
20. Figure 8.20 Sliding folding door.
21. Figure 8.21 Glazed door with diminishing (gun stock) stiles.
22. Figure 8.22 Casement door (French casement).
23. Figure 8.23 Cellular‐core flush door.
24. Figure 8.24 Skeleton‐core flush door.
25. Figure 8.25 Solid‐core (laminate) flush door.
26. Figure 8.26 Fire doors.
27. Figure 8.27 Standard half‐hour fire door.
28. Figure 8.28 Flush steel fire door.
29. Figure 8.29 Intumescent fire seals.
30. Figure 8.30 Overhead door closer.
31. Figure 8.31 (a) Ledged matchboarded door; (b) ledged and braced matchboarded door.
32. Figure 8.32 Framed and braced matchboarded door.
33. Figure 8.33 Barefaced tenon.
34. Figure 8.34 Door frame and door lining.
35. Figure 8.35 (a) Door frame; (b) mortice and tenon joint.
36. Figure 8.36 Slot mortice and tenon.
37. Figure 8.37 uPVC cavity closer and tie.
38. Figure 8.38 Water bar and weatherboard.
39. Figure 8.39 Oak cill.
40. Figure 8.40 Inward‐opening external door with weather strips.
41. Figure 8.41 Threshold and side weather seal in inward‐opening external door.
42. Figure 8.42 Door linings.
43. Figure 8.43 Door linings.
44. Figure 8.44 Storey‐height door frame.
45. Figure 8.45 Metal door frame.
46. Figure 8.46 Flush steel door.
47. Figure 8.47 Fully glazed aluminium horizontally sliding door.
48. Figure 8.48 uPVC door and frame.
49. Figure 8.49 Steel ‘up‐and‐over’ garage door.
50. Figure 8.50 Pressed steel‐butt hinges.
51. Figure 8.51 Double‐pressed, heavy steel‐butt hinge.
52. Figure 8.52 Steel skew‐butt hinge (rising butt hinge).
53. Figure 8.53 Steel tee hinge.
54. Figure 8.54 Hook‐and‐band hinge.
55. Figure 8.55 Horizontal two‐bolt mortice lock.
56. Figure 8.56 Upright two‐bolt mortice lock.
57. Figure 8.57 Horizontal two‐bolt rim lock.
58. Figure 8.58 Mortice dead lock.
59. Figure 8.59 Cylinder rim night latch.
60. Figure 8.60 Rack bolt for security in wooden windows and doors.
Chapter 09
1. Figure 9.1 Space used by (a) ladder, (b) half‐turn stair and (c) ramp.
2. Figure 9.2 Rise, going and headroom for stairs (in a private dwelling).
3. Photograph 9.1 Stairway design and aesthetics.
4. Figure 9.3 Stair terminology.
5. Figure 9.4 Open‐riser stairs.
6. Photograph 9.2 Stair terminology.
7. Figure 9.5 Angle of pitch.
8. Figure 9.6 Minimum headroom.
9. Figure 9.7 Handrails and stair widths.
10. Figure 9.8 Handrail height for general use.
11. Figure 9.9 Handrails for the disabled.
12. Figure 9.10 Change in direction.
13. Figure 9.11 Maximum steps in flight, minimum unobstructed landing distance.
14. Figure 9.12 Length of landings.
15. Figure 9.13 Stairs.
16. Figure 9.14 Geometrical stairs.
17. Figure 9.15 Lower flight of half‐turn staircase.
18. Figure 9.16 Method of jointing risers to treads.
19. Figure 9.17 Housing treads and risers in close string.
20. Figure 9.18 Underside of flight to show fixing of treads, and risers to cut outer string.
21. Photograph 9.3 Glue blocks and wedges.
22. Figure 9.19 Cut string.
23. Figure 9.20 Half‐turn open‐well staircase.
24. Figure 9.21 Enclosed balustrade.
25. Figure 9.22 Shaped steps.
26. Figure 9.23 Bullnose step.
27. Figure 9.24 Underside of flight showing carriage and brackets.
28. Figure 9.25 Winders and quarter‐space landing.
29. Figure 9.26 Open‐riser stair with closed or cut string.
30. Photograph 9.4 Temporary protection of timber stairways.
31. Figure 9.27 Stone steps.
32. Figure 9.28 Inclined slab stair.
33. Figure 9.29 (a) Cranked slab stair; (b) cantilevered spine wall stair.
34. Figure 9.30 String and trimmer stair.
35. Figure 9.31 Half‐turn reinforced concrete stair.
36. Figure 9.32 Setting metal standard in stone or concrete step.
37. Figure 9.33 Finishes to concrete steps.
38. Photograph 9.5 Examples of structural glazing used in stairs.
39. Figure 9.34 Internal ramps – positioning of landings.
Chapter 10
1. Photograph 10.1 (a) Services are chased and recessed into the walls ready for the wet plaster to be applied; (b) coat and finish coat completed up to ceiling level – services protrude into ceiling void; (c) finish coat applied with first fix services installed.
2. Figure 10.1 Sealing dry‐lined walls.
3. Figure 10.2 Graph showing room temperature adjustment using PCMs (adapted from http://www.functionalpolymers.basf.com).
4. Figure 10.3 Metal beads and stops for plaster.
5. Figure 10.4 Fir lath and plaster.
6. Figure 10.5 Expanded metal lathing.
7. Figure 10.6 Plan view of expanded metal lathing used to bridge different substrates.
8. Figure 10.7 Gypsum wallboard.
9. Photograph 10.2 (a) Plasterboard applied to a block wall with ‘dot and dab’ plasterboard adhesive; (b) taping and skimming; (c) the joining gun or pogo can be used to apply filler and tape into the joint; (d) tape and skim applied to vertical joints; (e) once applied, the filler is quickly skimmed over, and minor irregularities can be sanded out.
10. Figure 10.8 Cracking in plasterboard finishes.
11. Figure 10.9 Gypsum baseboard.
12. Figure 10.10 Fixing baseboard for plastering.
13. Figure 10.11 Gypsum lath.
14. Figure 10.12 Fixing timber skirting.
15. Figure 10.13 Metal skirtings.
16. Figure 10.14 Tile skirting.
17. Figure 10.15 Architraves.
Chapter 11
1. Figure 11.1 Calculation of heat loss through a cavity wall.
2. Figure 11.2 (a) Thermal bridging: section of window head and cill; (b) thermal bridging: plan of cavity wall return and window.
3. Figure 11.3 Condensation and walls.
4. Figure 11.4 Heat transfer and storage in lightweight and dense materials.
5. Figure 11.5 Thermal storage in walls.
6. Figure 11.6 Stack effect and cross‐ventilation.
7. Photograph 11.1 Photovoltaic acts as both roof covering (roof tiles) and solar energy receptor.
8. Figure 11.7 Earth‐to‐air heat exchanger.
9. Figure 11.8 Open fire inset in recess.
10. Figure 11.9 Open‐fire inset above floor in brick or block chimney breast.
11. Figure 11.10 Free‐standing open fire with brick or block chimney.
12. Figure 11.11 Fireback, grate and fret for open fire.
13. Figure 11.12 Thickness at the back of fireplace recesses.
14. Figure 11.13 Fireplace, hearth and chimney.
15. Figure 11.14 Constructional and free‐standing hearths.
16. Figure 11.15 Clay flue liners.
17. Figure 11.16 Precast concrete block chimney.
18. Figure 11.17 Brick chimney and chimney breast.
19. Figure 11.18 The four positions of fireplace and chimney.
20. Figure 11.19 Factory‐built insulated chimney.
21. Figure 11.20 Trimming floor with metal hanger fixings.
22. Figure 11.21 Outlets from flues.
23. Figure 11.22 Flue terminals (chimney pots).
24. Figure 11.23 Lead flashings around chimney stack.
25. Figure 11.24 Stepped flashing and soakers.
26. Figure 11.25 Single‐flue chimney stack through one slope of roof.
27. Figure 11.26 Non‐ferrous metal flashings to chimney stack.
28. Figure 11.27 Gas supply.
29. Figure 11.28 Phase conductors (L1, L2, L3) and neutral for TN‐C‐S supply.
30. Figure 11.29 Connections to consumer’s unit and circuit distribution.
31. Figure 11.30 Earthing systems.
32. Figure 11.31 Supply connections for a TN‐C‐S system.
33. Figure 11.32 Rewirable fuse.
34. Figure 11.33 Cartridge fuse.
35. Figure 11.34 Ring circuit.
36. Figure 11.35 Radial lighting circuit.
37. Figure 11.36 Equipotential bonding.
38. Figure 11.37 Bathroom zones.
39. Figure 11.38 Supplementary equipotential bonding.
40. Figure 11.39 PVC‐insulated and PVC‐sheathed cable.
41. Figure 11.40 Mineral‐insulated, copper‐sheathed cable.
42. Figure 11.41 PVC conduit.
43. Figure 11.42 Steel conduit.
44. Figure 11.43 Metal trunking.
45. Figure 11.44 Socket outlets.
46. Figure 11.45 Spur box.
47. Figure 11.46 Means of supply to the building.
48. Figure 11.47 Wall switches.
49. Figure 11.48 Thermography showing cold air movement and cold spots under depressurised conditions (images courtesy of Leeds Sustainability Institute, 2012). Please visit the book’s web site (http://www.wiley.com/go/barrysintroduction) for the colour version of this figure.
50. Figure 11.49 Equipment for wall forensics: differential pressure sensors, heat flux plates, surface and internal thermocouples, air flow transducer (images courtesy of Leeds Sustainability Institute, 2012). Please visit the book’s web site (http://www.wiley.com/go/barrysintroduction) for the colour version of this figure.
Chapter 12
1. Figure 12.1 Service pipe and supply pipe.
2. Figure 12.2 Air gap to taps to fittings.
3. Figure 12.3 Cistern‐fed cold water supply.
4. Figure 12.4 Plastic cisterns.
5. Figure 12.5 Support for cistern.
6. Figure 12.6 Ball valves.
7. Figure 12.7 Air gap to ball valve.
8. Figure 12.8 Cold water distributing pipe system.
9. Figure 12.9 Cold and hot water supply.
10. Figure 12.10 Spring‐loaded check valve, non‐return valve.
11. Figure 12.11 Hot water supply systems.
12. Figure 12.12 Diagram of low pressure, unvented hot water system.
13. Figure 12.13 Unvented hot water storage cylinder.
14. Figure 12.14 Hot water distributing pipe system.
15. Figure 12.15 Indirect hot water storage cylinders.
16. Figure 12.16 Mains pressure supply.
17. Figure 12.17 Multiple risers.
18. Figure 12.18 Pumped and mains pressure supply.
19. Figure 12.19 Auto‐pneumatic pressure vessel.
20. Figure 12.20 Drinking water storage cistern.
21. Figure 12.21 Pipeline switch.
22. Figure 12.22 Drinking water storage cistern.
23. Figure 12.23 Low‐level storage cistern.
24. Figure 12.24 Delayed‐action ball valve.
25. Figure 12.25 Intermediate‐level storage cistern.
26. Figure 12.26 Zoned supply system.
27. Figure 12.27 Soft solder capillary fittings.
28. Figure 12.28 Compression joints.
29. Figure 12.29 PVC pipe.
30. Figure 12.30 Valves.
31. Figure 12.31 Taps.
32. Figure 12.32 Quarter‐turn tap.
33. Figure 12.33 WC suites.
34. Figure 12.34 Pedestal WC pan.
35. Figure 12.35 Washdown WC pan.
36. Figure 12.36 Single‐seal syphonic WC pan.
37. Figure 12.37 Double‐seal syphonic WC pan.
38. Figure 12.38 WC pan outgoes.
39. Figure 12.39 WC pan outgoes (plan).
40. Figure 12.40 WC to plastic pipe.
41. Figure 12.41 Macerator unit for small‐bore discharge in WCs.
42. Figure 12.42 Stall, slab and bowl urinals.
43. Figure 12.43 Washbasins.
44. Figure 12.44 Washbasin waste and trap.
45. Figure 12.45 Plumbing to bath.
46. Figure 12.46 Shower trays.
47. Figure 12.47 Bidet.
48. Figure 12.48 Range of sinks.
49. Figure 12.49 Deep‐seal S‐trap and P‐trap.
50. Figure 12.50 Single‐stack systems.
51. Figure 12.51 Applications of the single‐stack system.
52. Figure 12.52 Single‐stack system.
53. Figure 12.53 Direct connection of ground‐floor WC to drain.
54. Figure 12.54 Stub stack ground‐floor appliances.
55. Figure 12.55 Branch connections to stack.
56. Figure 12.56 Branch ventilation pipe.
57. Figure 12.57 uPVC discharge stack and branches.
58. Figure 12.58 Air test for sealed discharge stack and branches.
59. Figure 12.59 Pipe ducts.
60. Figure 12.60 Ducts.
61. Figure 12.61 Mechanical extract system.